N2 - Developmental changes in executive function are often explained in terms of core cognitive processes and associated neural substrates. These results indicated that self-control had a significant relationship with every adjustment variable (anxiety-depression, substance consumption, and internet addiction) and these associations were independent of the influence of age and the other two adjustment variables.

Recent studies reported that old adults had selective difficulty in memorizing content–context associations but not in isolated contents ( Artuso et al. Participants were required to respond quickly and accurately as soon as the target stimuli appeared. The results reflected that WMU degradation may begin from the middle age and become steeper in old age. If you dont want to engage with your thundertusks screen your opponent with the gnoblars to prevent them contesting for that extra turn.However, as it is not the purpose of this paper to discuss about the convenience of using one term or the other and we measured this variable using the Internet Addiction Test (IAT; Young, 1998), we deemed more appropriate to use the Internet addiction term. Hormones and cerebral changes happening after puberty impair the balance between brain circuits triggering impulses and those trying to control them.

According to Young (1998), this addictive use includes manifestations such as cybersexual behaviors, cyber-relationships addictive behaviors, information overload, online gambling, or net compulsive behavior. The relationship between poor self-control and substance consumption has been showed in various studies. As stated in the introduction section, the lowest scores during adolescence could be explained by changes in the adolescent brain. Internet addiction was also significantly correlated with substance consumption and anxiety-depression symptoms.Hence, low scores for self-control were significantly associated with higher substance consumption, more anxiety-depression symptoms, and higher scores for the Internet addiction scale. The Ethics Committee of Shanghai University of Sport granted ethical approval to carry out the study within its facilities (Ethical Application Ref: 2017044).

Therefore, the final sample consisted of 800 boys and 800 girls, with an average age of around 22 years old ( M = 22. Forty elderly subjects of both sexes their age ranged from 65 to 74 years and included into two equal groups; group (A) received walking exercise and incentive spirometery three times a week for 3 months, where group (B) received no physical therapy intervention. Working memory updating (WMU), a controlled process to continuously adapt to the changing task demand and environment, is crucial for cognitive executive function. What defines a behavior as addictive is not so much the frequency with which it is carried out, but rather the loss of control on behalf of the individual, and the establishment of a dependence that seriously interferes in his or her daily life. In this study, an accumulative effect of the sequence interference was observed, especially in AA (RR < AR; RA < AA), suggesting two independent sources of contribution to updating.

A larger sample of participants should be recruited in future studies and combine with cross-sectional and longitudinal follow-up design, which may offset the defect of the present study. The mean values of VC, FEV1, MVV, PImax, PEmax and PEND were significantly increase in group (A), while changes in group (B) were not significant.