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When a female sloth has a baby, it crawls up onto her stomach and clings to her as soon as it’s born. Since sloths barely have any energy to spare, the mother produces milk only when the baby needs it and begins introducing her young to leaves as soon as a week after birth. The baby samples the leaves from its mother’s mouth, learning the types that are safe to eat. Thank you for allowing us to respond to this review by Sander Gilman whose work we have admired and enjoyed. David Haslam is a practising GP who sees around 10,000 patients per year in primary care, as well as many of the biggest people in society in his twice weekly Luton and Dunstable Hospital Bariatric Surgery Clinic. He has recently been awarded an Honorary Chair at Robert Gordon University in Aberdeen in recognition of his international work in producing guidelines and providing education to combat obesity. He is chair of two national charities with the same aim, and has written several text books and over a hundred scholarly articles on the subject. Fiona Haslam’s career was spent in clinical medicine until her retirement when she obtained a degree in art history and a PhD for her work on medicine in art, and has written extensively on the subject. Hence the book has been written mainly from a clinical perspective, as the authors have a unique body of knowledge and experience in this arena.

Bailey, T. N. (1974). Social organization in a bobcat population. The Journal of Wildlife Management, 38(3),435-446. a b Pauli, J. N., Mendoza, J. E., Steffan, S. A., Carey, C. C., Weimer, P. J., & Peery, M. Z. (2014). A syndrome of mutualism reinforces the lifestyle of a sloth. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 281(1778), 20133006. DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2013.3006 Hayssen, V. (2011). " Choloepus hoffmanni (Pilosa: Megalonychidae)". Mammalian Species. 43 (1): 37–55. doi: 10.1644/873.1. Three-toed sloths go to the ground to urinate and defecate about once a week, digging a hole and covering it afterwards. They go to the same spot each time and are vulnerable to predation while doing so. Considering the large energy expenditure and dangers involved in the journey to the ground, this behaviour has been described as a mystery. [49] [50] [51] Recent research shows that moths, which live in the sloth's fur, lay eggs in the sloth's feces. When they hatch, the larvae feed on the feces, and when mature fly up onto the sloth above. These moths may have a symbiotic relationship with sloths, as they live in the fur and promote growth of algae, which the sloths eat. [5] Individual sloths tend to spend the bulk of their time feeding on a single "modal" tree; by burying their excreta near the trunk of that tree, they may also help nourish it. [52] Reproduction All species of sloth live in South and Central America in various lowland rainforest areas. This includes countries such as Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Panama, Peru, Honduras, and Venezuela.a b c Alina Bradford (26 November 2018). "Sloths: The World's Slowest Mammals". Live Science. Archived from the original on 4 December 2020 . Retrieved 22 November 2020. Schelling, Ameena (19 May 2016). "Famous Sloth Sanctuary Is A Nightmare For Animals, Ex-Workers Say". The Dodo. Archived from the original on 18 January 2021 . Retrieved 20 May 2016. Svartman, Marta; Stone, Gary; Stanyon, Roscoe (21 July 2006). "The Ancestral Eutherian Karyotype Is Present in Xenarthra". PLOS Genetics. 2 (7): e109. doi: 10.1371/journal.pgen.0020109. ISSN 1553-7404. PMC 1513266. PMID 16848642. {{ cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI ( link) The IUCN Red List currently categorises four of the sloth species as least concern, one species as vulnerable, and one species as critically endangered—the pygmy three-toed sloth. The maned three-toed sloth was previously listed as endangered because their range was thought to be very restricted. However, new data found more areas where this species lives, and they were recategorized as vulnerable. Steadman, D. W.; Martin, P. S.; MacPhee, R. D. E.; Jull, A. J. T.; McDonald, H. G.; Woods, C. A.; Iturralde-Vinent, M.; Hodgins, G. W. L. (16 August 2005). "Asynchronous extinction of late Quaternary sloths on continents and islands". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 102 (33): 11763–11768. Bibcode: 2005PNAS..10211763S. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0502777102. PMC 1187974. PMID 16085711.

Monge Nájera, J. (2021). Why sloths defecate on the ground: rejection of the mutualistic model. UNED Research Journal, 13(1), 4-4. Recently obtained molecular data from collagen [8] and mitochondrial DNA sequences [19] fall in line with the diphyly (convergent evolution) hypothesis, but have overturned some of the other conclusions obtained from morphology. These investigations consistently place two-toed sloths close to mylodontids and three-toed sloths within Megatherioidea, close to Megalonyx, megatheriids and nothrotheriids. They make the previously recognized family Megalonychidae polyphyletic, with both two-toed sloths and Greater Antilles sloths being moved away from Megalonyx. Greater Antilles sloths are now placed in a separate, basal branch of the sloth evolutionary tree. [8] [19] PhylogenyMegalocnidae: the Greater Antilles sloths, a basal group that arose about 32 million years ago and became extinct about 5,000 years ago. [8]