Kosfeld, M., Heinrichs, M., Zak, P.J., Fischbacher, U., and Fehr, E. (2005). Oxytocin increases trust in humans. Nature 435, 673–676. Huijgens, P.T., Heijkoop, R., and Snoeren, E.M.S. (2021). Silencing and stimulating the medial amygdala impairs ejaculation but not sexual incentive motivation in male rats. Behav Brain Res 405, 113206. Behavioral models of depression in laboratory animals often entail exposure to stress followed by measures of consummatory behavior, exploration, disruption of sleep or comfort, and resistance to survival threats ( Yan et al., 2010). These measures have been proposed as indices of the putative effectiveness of antidepressant manipulations. Although animal models of depression are widely used, the external and construct validity of such modeling of psychopathology in laboratory animals has been questioned ( Molendijk and de Kloet, 2015; Pound and Ritskes-Hoitinga, 2018). Luo, M., Fee, M.S., and Katz, L.C. (2003). Encoding pheromonal signals in the accessory olfactory bulb of behaving mice. Science 299, 1196–1201. The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. Publisher’s Note

Action Circuits (Uk) Ltd, Luton - Cylex

Inoue, S., Yang, R., Tantry, A., Davis, C.H., Yang, T., Knoedler, J.R., Wei, Y., Adams, E.L., Thombare, S., Golf, S.R., et al. (2019). Periodic remodeling in a neural circuit governs timing of female sexual behavior. Cell 179, 1393–1408.e16. Benarroch, E.E. (2010). Neural control of the bladder: recent advances and neurologic implications. Neurology 75, 1839–1846. The maximum firing frequency of human dopamine neurons has yet to be determined, as far as we know. That said, the pulse frequency employed in the deep-brain stimulation of the human MFB, 130 Hz, is well above the maximum firing frequency that dopaminergic neurons can sustain in the rodent ( Tsai et al., 2009; Witten et al., 2011; Covey and Cheer, 2019). The Centrality of the Dopamine Neurons? In the following subsections we summarize evidence that gave rise to the series-circuit hypothesis as well as evidence that challenges this longstanding account of brain-reward circuitry. We then discuss the implications of the convergence model for interpretation of the effect of MFB stimulation on relief of treatment-resistant depression. Intracranial Self-Stimulation of the Medial Forebrain Bundle: Phenomenology We also offer a waffle tray recycling service which can save you money in addition to being kind to the environment.

Data Availability Statement

Betley, J.N., Cao, Z.F.H., Ritola, K.D., and Sternson, S.M. (2013). Parallel, redundant circuit organization for homeostatic control of feeding behavior. Cell 155, 1337–1350. Muto, A., Lal, P., Ailani, D., Abe, G., Itoh, M., and Kawakami, K. (2017). Activation of the hypothalamic feeding centre upon visual prey detection. Nat Commun 8, 15029.

Circuitry for Target Selection and Action Selection in Neural Circuitry for Target Selection and Action Selection in

Klaus, A., Alves da Silva, J., and Costa, R.M. (2019). What, if, and when to move: basal ganglia circuits and self-paced action initiation. Annu Rev Neurosci 42, 459–483. Nakamura, T., and Gold, G.H. (1987). A cyclic nucleotide-gated conductance in olfactory receptor cilia. Nature 325, 442–444. Allison, S., and Timmerman, G.M. (2007). Anatomy of a binge: food environment and characteristics of nonpurge binge episodes. Eat Behav 8, 31–38. The animal study that generated the publicly available dataset was reviewed and approved by the Animal Research Ethics Committee, Concordia University. Author ContributionsMota-Ortiz, S.R., Sukikara, M.H., Felicio, L.F., and Canteras, N.S. (2009). Afferent connections to the rostrolateral part of the periaqueductal gray: a critical region influencing the motivation drive to hunt and forage. Neural Plast 2009, 1–11. Larsson, K. (1975). Sexual impairment of inexperienced male rats following pre- and postpuberal olfactory bulbectomy. Physiol Behav 14, 195–199.